Síndrome de Andersen Tawil en una embarazada con alto riesgo de muerte súbita. Reporte de caso / Andersen Tawil syndrome in a pregnant woman at high risk of sudden death

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El síndrome de Andersen Tawil es una canalopatía multisistémica genética, muy rara, sin alteración cardiaca estructural, heredada de manera autosómica dominante y causada por mutación en el gen KCNJ2. Este síndrome se caracteriza por una triada de parálisis muscular periódica, cambios en el electrocardiograma y estructurales corporales. El rasgo distintivo es la taquicardia ventricular bidireccional, las contracciones ventriculares prematuras y raramente taquicardia polimórfica tipo torsade de pointes. En la actualidad se carece de guías para el peri y postparto y para la prevención de arritmias. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 21 años, embarazada, con síndrome de Andersen Tawil diagnosticado a esta edad, con base en los antecedentes de síncope de repetición y debilidad en las extremidades desde los 11 años. Recibía tratamiento con un beta-bloqueador y un desfibrilador automático implantable. La ecocardiografía fetal a las 23 y 33 semanas de gestación reportó una comunicación interventricular apical de 1.6 mm. A las 39 semanas de embarazo se practicó una cesárea electiva, con evolución posoperatoria satisfactoria. El estudio molecular dirigido al recién nacido descartó el síndrome de Andersen Tawil congénito. CONCLUSIÓN: En pacientes con síndromes de arritmia congénita, el embarazo puede ser seguro siempre y cuando un grupo de especialistas esté pendiente para tomar decisiones de atención y tratamiento durante todo el proceso del embarazo y puerperio.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Andersen Tawil syndrome is a very rare genetic multisystemic channelopathy without structural cardiac alteration, inherited in an autosomal dominant manner and caused by mutation in the KCNJ2 gene. This syndrome is characterised by a triad of periodic muscle paralysis, electrocardiogram and body structural changes. The hallmark is bidirectional ventricular tachycardia, premature ventricular contractions and rarely polymorphic torsade de pointes tachycardia. Currently there is a lack of guidelines for peri- and postpartum and arrhythmia prevention. CLINICAL CASE: 21-year-old pregnant patient with Andersen-Tawil syndrome diagnosed at this age, based on a history of repeated syncope and weakness in the extremities since the age of 11. She was being treated with a beta-blocker and an implantable cardioverter defibrillator. Fetal echocardiography at 23 and 33 weeks gestation reported an apical ventricular septal defect of 1.6 mm. Elective caesarean section was performed at 39 weeks of pregnancy, with satisfactory postoperative evolution. Molecular study of the newborn ruled out congenital Andersen-Tawil syndrome. CONCLUSION: In patients with congenital arrhythmia syndromes, pregnancy can be safe as long as it is managed by a group of experts to make decisions and optimise care throughout the pregnancy and postpartum period.

Epidermólisis bulosa distrófica recesiva en mujer embarazada. Reporte de caso / Recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa in pregnant women. Case report

Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: La epidermólisis bulosa engloba a un grupo de enfermedades caracterizadas por una fragilidad extrema de la piel y membranas mucosas, consecuencia de la formación de ampollas posterior a un traumatismo mínimo. Hay tres tipos principales de epidermólisis. Se comunica el caso para hacer notar las implicaciones del cuidado al momento del nacimiento, y las consideraciones anestésicas. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 25 años en su segundo embarazo con epidermólisis bulosa distrófica recesiva. El nacimiento fue electivo mediante cesárea, con anestesia regional. CONCLUSIONES: Debe tenerse especial cuidado durante las intervenciones terapéuticas a fin de evitar la formación de bulas o exacerbar las existentes. Las fuerzas de fricción son más dañinas que las de compresión. La planeación multidisciplinaria es necesaria para un desenlace sin complicaciones.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Epidermolysis bullosa encompasses a group of diseases characterized by extreme fragility of the skin and mucous membranes, resulting in the formation of blisters after minimal trauma; There are three main types of epidermolysis. The case is presented to highlight the implications of care both at the time of birth, as well as anesthetic considerations. CLINICAL CASE: A 25-year-old patient in her second pregnancy with recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa. The birth was elective by caesarean section under regional anesthesia. CONCLUSIONS: Special care must be taken during therapeutic interventions to avoid the formation of bullae or exacerbate those already present. Friction forces are more damaging than compression forces. Multidisciplinary planning is necessary for a smooth outcome.

Síndrome de Klippel Trenaunay y embarazo. Reporte de tres casos / Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and pregnancy. Report of three cases

Resumen ANTECEDENTES: El síndrome de Klippel Trenaunay es una enfermedad congénita rara, caracterizada por malformaciones capilares y venosas, sobrecrecimiento de miembros y en algunos casos malformaciones linfáticas. Quienes lo padecen tienen un riesgo incrementado de hemorragia y tromboembolismo. CASOS CLÍNICOS: Tres pacientes primigestas con diagnóstico de síndrome de Klippel Trenaunay con complicaciones del embarazo que finalizaron mediante cesárea con el nacimiento de sus hijos sanos, de término, en todos los casos. CONCLUSIONES: Las embarazadas y con síndrome de Klippel-Trenaunay tienen un riesgo significativo de que sus síntomas se agraven, de tener hemorragia durante el nacimiento y de eventos tromboembólicos, incluso después del nacimiento. La atención individualizada y multidisciplinaria ayudará a mitigar las complicaciones asociadas y a conseguir desenlaces óptimos.

Abstract BACKGROUND: Klippel Trenaunay syndrome is a rare congenital disease characterized by capillary and venous malformations, limb overgrowth and in some cases lymphatic malformations. Sufferers have an increased risk of hemorrhage and thromboembolism. CLINICAL CASES: Three primigravid patients diagnosed with Klippel Trenaunay syndrome with pregnancy complications that were terminated by cesarean section with the birth of their healthy, full-term children in all cases. CONCLUSIONS: Women with Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome and pregnancy are at significant risk for aggravation of their symptoms, hemorrhage during birth, and thromboembolic events, even after birth. Individualized, multidisciplinary care will help mitigate associated complications and achieve optimal outcomes.

Resistin Modulates Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol Uptake in Human Placental Explants via PCSK9.

Maternal metabolic status influences pregnancy and, consequently, the perinatal outcome. Resistin is a pro-inflammatory adipokine predominantly expressed and secreted by mononuclear cells, adipose tissue, and placental trophoblastic cells during pregnancy. Recently, we reported an inverse association between maternal resistin levels and fetal low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Then, in this work, we used a human placental explant model and the trophoblast cell line JEG-3 to evaluate whether resistin affects placental LDL-C uptake. Resistin exposure induced the transcription factor SREBP-2, LDLR, and PCSK9 mRNA expression, and changes at the protein level were confirmed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. However, for LDLR, the changes were not consistent between mRNA and protein levels. Using a labeled LDL-cholesterol (BODIPY FL LDL), uptake assay demonstrated that the LDL-C was significantly decreased in placental explants exposed to a high dose of resistin and a lesser extent in JEG-3 cells. In summary, resistin induces PCSK9 expression in placental explants and JEG-3 cells, which could be related to negative regulation of the LDLR by lysosomal degradation. These findings suggest that resistin may significantly regulate the LDL-C uptake and transport from the maternal circulation to the fetus, affecting its growth and lipid profile.

Desenlaces perinatales, en un centro de tercer nivel de México de pacientes con colestasis intrahepática del embarazo / Perinatal outcomes of patients with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy in a third level center in Mexico

Resumen OBJETIVO: Describir la atención, tratamiento, desenlaces perinatales y complicaciones asociadas con la colestasis intrahepática del embarazo. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio de serie de casos, retrospectivo y observacional de pacientes embarazadas, con diagnóstico de colestasis intrahepática atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología entre los meses de enero de 2016 a diciembre de 2020. Se evaluaron las características obstétricas, los datos demográficos, clínicos, bioquímicos y de tratamiento, la finalización del embarazo y los desenlaces perinatales. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 67 casos de colestasis intrahepática que arrojaron una incidencia de 0.57%. La edad promedio de las pacientes fue 29.0 ± 6.8 años, 30 de 67 eran primigestas, 12 tuvieron el antecedente de colestasis intrahepática en el embarazo previo y 7 de óbito. El inicio de la enfermedad fue en el tercer trimestre en 41 de 67 pacientes. En los estudios de bioquímica 32 de 67 tuvieron valores de ácidos biliares entre 10 y 39 μM/L; 12 de las 67: 40-99 μM/L y 23 más de 100 (μM/L). Se administró tratamiento con ácido ursodesoxicólico a 63 de 67 y ante la falta de respuesta se agregó rifampicina. El promedio de semanas de gestación fue 35.6 ± 2.0 semanas con peso promedio de 2397 ± 572 g. Se encontró líquido amniótico con meconio en 10 neonatos y restricción del crecimiento en 20 de 67; se registraron 2 óbitos. CONCLUSIONES: Este es el primer estudio efectuado en México que describe la incidencia de la enfermedad y se utiliza la determinación de los ácidos biliares para establecer el diagnóstico. Los desenlaces perinatales coinciden con lo reportado en la bibliografía.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To describe the care, treatment, perinatal outcomes and complications associated with intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective and observational case series study of pregnant patients with a diagnosis of intrahepatic cholestasis seen at the National Institute of Perinatology between January 2016 and December 2020. Obstetric characteristics, demographic, clinical, biochemical and treatment data, pregnancy termination and perinatal outcomes were evaluated. RESULTS: Sixty-seven cases of intrahepatic cholestasis were analyzed, yielding an incidence of 0.57%. The mean age of the patients was 29.0 ± 6.8 years, 30 of 67 were primigravidases, 12 had a history of intrahepatic cholestasis in the previous pregnancy and 7 had an abortion. The onset of the disease was in the third trimester in 41 of 67 patients. In biochemistry studies 32 of 67 had bile acid values between 10 and 39 μM/L; 12 of 67: 40-99 μM/L and 23 more than 100 (μM/L). Treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid was administered to 63 of 67 and rifampicin to 4 patients. The mean number of weeks of gestation was 35.6 ± 2.0 weeks with a mean weight of 2397 ± 572 g. Amniotic fluid with meconium was found in 10 neonates and growth restriction in 20 of 67; there were 2 recorded abortions. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study carried out in Mexico in which the incidence of the disease is described, and the determination of bile acids is used to establish the diagnosis. Perinatal outcomes coincide with those reported in the literature.

Sarcomas durante el embarazo: reporte de dos casos y revisión de la literatura / Sarcomas in pregnancy: Report of two cases and literature review / Sarcomas in pregnancy: Report of two cases and literature review

RESUMEN Objetivo. Presentar los resultados perinatales de dos pacientes con diagnóstico de sarcoma de Ewing y rabdomiosarcoma alveolar. Metodología. Se revisaron dos casos de pacientes con diagnóstico de sarcoma atendidas en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología de la Ciudad de México. Resultados. Caso 1 femenino de 22 años, con embarazo de 23,0 semanas y tumoración en región glútea izquierda de 20 cm, dolor y dificultad para deambular. La radiografía de tórax informó múltiples nódulos pulmonares y la resonancia magnética, tumor en región glútea con compromiso extenso. El diagnóstico fue sarcoma de Ewing metastático en etapa IV. El manejo consistió en tratamiento sintomático con resolución del embarazo a las 28 semanas. Caso 2 femenino de 22 años con embarazo de 12,0 semanas y diagnóstico de síndrome medular metastásico. Se realizó descompresión T9-11. Se evidenció ausencia de frecuencia cardiaca fetal, por lo que se realizó manejo médico de aborto diferido.

ABSTRACT Objective: To present the perinatal results of two patients diagnosed with Ewing's sarcoma and alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma. Methodology: Two cases of patients with a diagnosis of sarcoma treated at the National Institute of Perinatology in Mexico City were reviewed. Results: Case 1, a 22-year-old female, with a 23.0-week pregnancy and a 20-cm tumor in the left gluteal region, pain and difficulty walking. The chest radiograph revealed multiple pulmonary nodules and the magnetic resonance imaging revealed a tumor in the gluteal region with extensive involvement. The diagnosis was stage IV metastatic Ewing sarcoma. Management consisted of symptomatic treatment with resolution of the pregnancy at 28 weeks. Case 2, a 22-year-old female with a 12.0-week pregnancy and a diagnosis of metastatic spinal cord syndrome. T9-11 decompression was performed. Absence of fetal heart rate was evidenced, so medical management of deferred abortion was performed.

Colorectal Signet Ring Cell Carcinoma in a Young Pregnant Woman.

Colorectal cancer during pregnancy is one of the less common neoplasms with an incidence of 0.8 in 100,000 pregnancies. Primary colonic signet ring cell carcinoma is a weird variety, characterized by a poor histologic differentiation, with a high morbidity-mortality rate. The case of a 24-year-old patient with a 22-week-old pregnancy and colorectal cancer stage IV in palliative state is presented, with a devastating result. Early diagnosis represents a challenge because of the presentation form and the histologic aggressiveness of this disease. We suggest that colorectal cancer during pregnancy must be treated by a multidisciplinary team.

Macrophage Populations in Visceral Adipose Tissue from Pregnant Women: Potential Role of Obesity in Maternal Inflammation.

Obesity is associated with inflammatory changes and accumulation and phenotype polarization of adipose tissue macrophages (ATMs). Obese pregnant women have alterations in adipose tissue composition, but a detailed description of macrophage population is not available. In this study, we characterized macrophage populations in visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from pregnant women with normal, overweight, and obese pregestational weight. Immunophenotyping of macrophages from VAT biopsies was performed by flow cytometry using CD45 and CD14 as markers of hematopoietic and monocyte linage, respectively, while HLA-DR, CD11c, CD163, and CD206 were used as pro- and anti-inflammatory markers. Adipocyte number and size were evaluated by light microscopy. The results show that pregnant women that were overweight and obese during the pregestational period had adipocyte hypertrophy. Two different macrophage populations in VAT were identified: recruited macrophages (CD45⁺CD14⁺), and a novel population lacking CD45, which was considered to be a resident macrophages subset (CD45−CD14⁺). The number of resident HLA−DRlow/− macrophages showed a negative correlation with body mass index (BMI). Both resident and recruited macrophages from obese women expressed higher CD206 levels. CD11c expression was higher in resident HLA-DR⁺ macrophages from obese women. A strong correlation between CD206 and CD11c markers and BMI was observed. Our findings show that being overweight and obese in the pregestational period is associated with adipocyte hypertrophy and specific ATMs populations in VAT.

[Reversible long-duration contraceptives: an efficient strategy to reduce non-planned pregnancies]. / Anticonceptivos de larga duración reversibles: una estrategia eficaz para la reducción de los embarazos no planeados.

Long-term contraception, reversible, have shown high rates of effectiveness and long-term compliance, with few contraindications. However, despite that Mexico has a variety of reversible contraception, most women still using less effective options. The resulting health benefits of contraception are important because they prevent unintended pregnancy, reduce the number of abortions and the incidence of death and disability related to pregnancy and childbirth complications. The Committee for Reproductive Health and Sexual Rights of the Mexican Federation of Colleges of Obstetrics and Gynecology (FEMECOG) conducted a literature review to evaluate the use of long-term contraception reversible as an effective and accessible tool to reduce the incidence unintended pregnancy and its consequences.

[Effect of betamethasone in blood glucose levels in pregnant diabetic women at risk of preterm birth]. / Efecto de la betametasona en la glucemia de diabéticas embarazadas en riesgo de nacimiento pretérmino.

BACKGROUND: The bethametasone (BTM) induced hyperglycemia is not adequately known and managed in diabetic pregnant women. OBJECTIVE: To compare the betamethasone-induced hyperglycemia in pregnant women either healthy or with gestational or type 2 diabetes mellitus (diabetes mellitus). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty volunteer pregnant women at risk of premature rupture of membranes who received betamethasone (12 mg i.m. every 24 hours, 2 doses) were divided in four groups (10 women each): G1, healthy; G2, Diet treated diabetes mellitus; G3, Diet plus insulin treated diabetes mellitus; G4, type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with diet (n=6) or diet and insulin (n=4). Pre (p) and 2h-postprandial (pp) capillary blood glucose was measured throughout the day during 5 days of hospitalization. Student't test for independent and dependent samples was used. RESULTS: G1 had no significant changes in p or pp glucose. In G2 four women required de novo insulin administration while insulin dose was increased 39 to 112% and 26 to 64% in all women in G3 and G4, respectively to maintain p and pp glucose levels <95 mg/dL and < 120 mg/dL, respectively. The greatest changes occurred between days 2 to 4 after betamethasone. CONCLUSION: Betamethasone-induced hyperglycemia was greater in insulin treated women with gestational or type 2 diabetes and should not be administrated on an out-patient basis.

[Treatment to pregnant women with deep venous thrombosis experience at Instituto Nacional de Perinatología]. / Experiencia en el tratamiento de pacientes embarazadas con trombosis venosa profunda en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant patients have five-fold venous thrombosis than no pregnant, and its therapy is mainly with non-fractioned and low molecular weight heparin. OBJECTIVE: To know clinical characteristics, treatment and perinatal results of deep venous thrombosis associated to pregnancy at Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Review of the files of patients with diagnosis, prenatal control, and resolution of deep venous thrombosis at Instituto Nacional de Perinatologia. RESULTS: A total of 45 cases with deep venous thrombosis and pregnancy are described, with: age 29.3 +/- 6 years; gestations, 2.3 +/- 1.2; body mass index, 27.3 +/- 3.5. RISK FACTORS: peripheral venous insufficiency, 17 (37.8%); obesity, 11 (24.4%); previous deep venous thrombosis, 10 (22.2%); antiphospholipid syndrome, 2 (4.4%); and protein S deficiency, 1 (2.2%). Diagnosis by gestational age: first trimester 10 (22%), second trimester 18 (40%), third trimester 15 (34%), and puerperium 2 (4%). Affected pelvic member: left, 32 (71%); right, 12 (27%); bilateral, 1 (2%). Initial treatment was always with non-fractionated heparin, and prevention of recurrence was made with acenocumarin in 41 cases (93%), and with non-fractionated heparin in 4 (7%). Resolution of pregnancy was 38.1 +/- 2 weeks of gestation: vaginal delivery, 18 cases (40%); cesarean, 27 (60%). Weight at birth was 3,026 +/- 464 g, with Apgar score < 6 in one case. In four cases there were four therapy-derived complications (3 with echymosis and epistaxis and 1 with macroscopic hematuria). CONCLUSIONS: Timely and appropriate therapy of deep venous thrombosis during pregnancy prevents thromboembolic complications, and generally is associated to satisfactory maternal and fetal results.

[Analysis of the perinatal results of the first five years of the functioning of a clinic for pregnant teenagers]. / Análisis de los resultados perinatales de los primeros cinco años del funcionamiento de una clínica de atención para adolescentes embarazadas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the perinatal outcomes within a pregnant cohort of adolescents aged 16 years and younger. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Case review prospective study. All pregnant adolescents who attended to the Coordination for assistance of the adolescent patient from June 1998 to July 2003 were included. INCLUSION CRITERIA: age, irrespective from antenatal care inside or outside of the Coordination and delivering inside the institution. Variables analyzed were: age, occupation, marital status, gestational age at first antenatal visit, number of antenatal visits, medical complications during pregnancy, gestational age on delivery, mode of delivery and contraceptive acceptance on discharge. Neonatal variables: weight at birth and intensive care admissions. Statistical analysis included descriptive measures. RESULTS: We identified 2723 pregnant adolescents, from whom only 2,315 met the inclusion criteria. Mean maternal age was 15.3 (SD 0.87). From the total 58% were single and 83.4% were households while only. Mean gestational age on first visit at the coordination was 24.26 (SD 6.79) weeks. The average number of antenatal visits was 4.78 (SD 3.99). The most frequent medical complications affected the genital and urinary tract, with a 54.2% of cervical and vaginal infections, and a 23.8% of urinary tract infections; anemia in 16.7%, threatened preterm delivery in 9.2% and pregnancy induced hypertension in 3.8%. From the total of cases the 79.1% presented with any morbidity. Mean gestational age concluded at 37.58 (SD 3.03), the preterm delivery rate was 15.4%. The most frequent way of delivery was vaginal with a 55.8% rate. On the neonatal outcomes, the mean birth weight was 2819.07 (SD 613.85). The contraceptive acceptance on the discharge was 98%. CONCLUSIONS: The adolescent pregnant has a high risk of suffering major complications, such as genital and urinary tract infections, anemia and preterm delivery.

[Quantification of perinatal risk in Mexican adolescents: consequences of maternal low weight]. / Cuantificación del riesgo perinatal en adolescentes mexicanas: consecuencias del bajo peso materno.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a pregnant adolescent whose weight-for-age is less than 90% is on the risk of delivering a baby who is small for gestational age. PATIENTS AND METHOD: Six hundred and one adolescents aged 12-16 years, at 40 weeks of gestation were included. Body weight was measured at baseline with Mexican reference tables. Low maternal weight was considered less than 90%. Rate of small for gestational age at birth was determined for each group. Comparisons were made using chi2 and relative risks were estimated. RESULTS: The rate of small for gestational age among adolescents with low body weight was 16.1% (30/186), it differed significantly (36/415) from the others (8.7%). Relative risk for small for gestational age babies among adolescents with low body weight was 1.9 (95% CI, 1.2 - 2.9). An exploratory analysis suggests that this effect depends on gestational age. CONCLUSIONS: If body weight of a pregnant adolescent is to be evaluated in the absence of a previous record, tables by Arroyo can be used as reference; if body weight is less than 90%, then you have an indicator of perinatal risk.

[Perinatal implications of pregnancy in adolescent women]. / Implicaciones perinatales del embarazo en la mujer adolescente.

OBJECTIVE: To establish if there are differences on obstetric and perinatal outcomes between adolescents who are younger than 16 with young adults aging 20 to 24 years old. PATIENTS AND METHOD: A double-cohort prospective and comparative study in 328 Mexican pregnant women. Cohort I included 153 pregnant adolescents younger than 16 years old and cohort II included 175 young adults aging 20 to 24 years old. Inclusion criteria for both groups were: healthy, singleton, primigravidas, with 4 or more antenatal care visits and delivery at institution. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: descriptive, t-test, chi-squared and Fisher's exact test. RESULTS: Cohort I: Mean age, 15 years old. Mean gestational age on first visit, 22.35 +/- 6.75 weeks. Morbidity was due mainly by vaginitis and vaginosis (p = 0.0001), urinary tract infection (p = 0.110) and anemia (p = 0.0001). Maternal weight on first visit was 54.11 +/- 9.11 (p = 0.001). In cohort II mean maternal age was 22 years old with a mean gestational age on first visit of 19.58 +/- 7.94 weeks. Main morbidity was: urinary tract infections, vaginitis-vaginosis and preeclampsia (p = 0.191). Mean maternal weight on first visit was 60.37 +/- 9.99. Gestational age on delivery and birth weight were not statistically different between newborns in each group. CONCLUSIONS: Pregnancy in adolescents should be considered of risk; nevertheless, adequacy in antenatal care provides good obstetric and perinatal outcomes.

Hígado graso agudo del embarazo: informe de un caso y revisión de la literatura / Acute fatty liver of pregnancy: a case report and literature review

El hígado graso agudo del embarazo (HGAE) es una entidad rara, potencialmente fatal que afecta a mujeres en el último trimestre del embarazo. Se caracteriza por un período prodrómico de síntomas seguido por ictericia, falla hepática y trastornos de coagulación e infiltración grasa del hígado, demostrada por biopsia hepática. Su incidencia es de uno en cada mil nacimientos, con mayor frecuencia en mujeres con embarazos gemelares. Se informa del caso de una paciente de 29 años de edad, primigesta, con embarazo gemelar de 33 a 34 semanas, con tensión arterial de 140/90 mmHg, plaquetas 160,000/dL, TP 25.6 seg, TPT 64.7 seg, glucosa 52 mg/dL, creatinina 2.1 mg/dL, ácido úrico 11.9 mg/dL, DHL 1063 U/I, TGP 220 U/I, FA 1172 U/I, bilirrubina total 8.4 md/dL, proteinuria 30 mg/dL. Se efectuó cesárea, previa corrección de pruebas de coagulación. Se obtuvo gemelo I masculino con peso de 2,070 g, Apgar 8-9, gemelo Il femenino con peso de 2,050 g, óbito. La biopsia hepática confirmó el diagnóstico. La causa del HGAE es desconocida. La frecuencia en embarazos gemelares se ha incrementado. Aproximadamente la mitad de los casos presentan hipertensión y proteinuria. Están elevadas las transaminasas, fosfatasa y bilirrubinas. Hay hipoglucemia. El tiempo de protrombina está alargado. El diagnóstico diferencial entre preeclampsia y HGAE no es crucial porque el manejo obstétrico es el mismo. El tratamiento principal es el "nacimiento temprano" (interrupción del embarazo) y las medidas de sostén. El obstetra debe tener un alto índice de sospecha para esta enfermedad hepática.

Cerclaje transabdominal en el manejo de la incompetencia cervical / Transabdominal cerclage in the cervical incompetence

El propósito fue revisar las indicaciones para el cerclaje transabdominal en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología. Se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las pacientes con cerclaje transabdominal con el fin de evaluar los resultados fetales. Desde 1997 se realizaron siete cerclajes transabdominales, su indicación primaria fueron los cerclajes previos por vía vaginal los cuales habían sido fallidos. Todas las pacientes consiguieron un embarazo de término. La tasa de neonatos vivos previos al procedimiento era de 5.2 por ciento comparada con 85.8 por ciento posterior al cerclaje transabdominal. Hubo un caso de muerte fetal a las 37 semanas y dos días en una paciente que cursó con preeclampsia. De los recién nacidos cinco fueron pequeños para la edad gestacional. Concluimos que bajo indicaciones estrictas el cerclaje transabdominal ofrece una alta tasa de sobrevida fetal con un mínimo de complicaciones en pacientes con una pobre historia obstétrica debido a una incompetencia cervical en donde han ocurrido fallas con el cerclaje por vía vaginal.

Cesárea de repetición: ¿Una cesárea necesaria? / Repeated cesarean section: A necessary cesarean?

El objetivo es analizar las indicaciones clínicas de la cesárea de repetición (CDR), para determinar si su indicación fue absoluta o relativa y establecer si fue innecesaria. Se trata de un estudio transversal de revisión de casos, realizado de enero de 1996 a diciembre de 1997. Se incluyen todas las pacientes con antecedente de una cesárea previa a las cuales se les realizó CDR. Se excluyen embarazos múltiples. Se formaron dos grupos en cuanto a indicación: absoluta y relativa. Para la evaluación de las diferencias entre grupos se utilizó X2 Pearson y Prueba exacta de Fisher. Se incluyen 641 de 664 casos. La frecuencia de CDR fue de 11.9 por ciento. Edad materna promedio: 30 años, 57.2 por ciento no presentaron morbilidad durante el embarazo y 42.7 por ciento presentaron alguna patología (preeclampsia, diabetes mellitus/gestacional, hipertensión crónica). De las indicaciones de la primera cesárea 25.9 por ciento fueron absolutas y 74.1 por ciento relativas (p = 0.0006). Las indicaciones de la CDR fueron 29.3 por ciento absolutas y 70.7 por ciento) relativas (p = 0.00000). De las principales indicaciones de CDR fueron: electiva (20.1 por ciento), DCP (17.8 por ciento), preeclampsia (15.4 por ciento), compromiso fetal (8 por ciento). Se realizó prueba de trabajo de parto en 65.4 por ciento de las indicaciones absolutas y en 36.9 por ciento de las relativas (p = 0.0001). El Apgar bajo al minuto y cinco minutos fue más frecuente en las indicaciones absolutas que en las relativas (p = 0.03 y 0.01 respectivamente). El ingreso a terapia intensiva neonatal fue de 53.6 por ciento en las absolutas y de 46.4 por ciento en las relativas (p = 0.001).La principal indicación de la cesárea de repetición es relativa, por lo tanto su sustento resulta discutible.

Edad materna avanzada y embarazo: ¿Que tanto es tanto? / Advanced maternal age and pregnancy. How much is that much?

Se comparó la evaluación perinatal en dos grupos de estudio en mujeres con edad materna avanzada y embarazo. Estudio retrospectivo y transversal realizado en el Instituto Nacional de Perinatología. Se incluyeron 626 de un total de 778 mujeres con edad > 35 años, las cuales resolvieron su embarazo en el período que va del 1 de enero al 31 de diciembre de 1995. Se clasificaron según la edad en dos grupos: 1) edad materna de 35-39 años y 2) edad materna de > 40 años; éstos a su vez se dividieron de acuerdo a paridad (primigestas y multigestas). Las complicaciones perinatales se clasificaron en: antecedentes personales, complicaciones anteparto e intraparto. Para analizar la asociación entre edad materna y paridad con las complicaciones perinatales, se utilizó la X2 o prueba exacta de Fisher. El porcentaje de mujeres con edad avanzada y embarazo fue 13.6 por ciento. Las principales complicaciones perinatales que se presentaron fueron: prreeclampsia, diabetes gestacional, amenaza de parto pretérmino y ruptura de membranas. Al comparar estas complicaciones por edad y paridad no se encontraron diferencias significativas. Los resultados neonatales fueron adecuados, 90 por ciento de recién nacidos con peso > 2500 gramos y una evolución de Apgar satisfactoria en más de 97 por ciento. La tasa de muerte perinatal independientemente de la edad se ubicó por arriba de 90 por ciento en primigestas y en más de 60 por ciento en multigestas. La evaluación perinatal de la mujer con edad avanzada y embarazo es satisfactorio, siempre y cuando inicie un adecuado control prenatal en etapa temprana de la gestación